Primary Pulmonary Hypertension :: essays research papers fc

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension INTRODUCTION A.Each year in the US there are about 300 new cases of PPH diagnosed each year. B.My purpose today is to inform you on the disease PPH C.This topic concerns you because it is a deadly disease that is on the rise. D.Today I will discuss.... 1.What the disease is 2.Causes of PPH 3.Symptoms of PPH 4.Diagnosis 5.Course and Treatment PPH-What is it? Primary(unexplained) pulmonary hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure) is an extremely rare lung disorder. Pulmonary hypertension occurs when there are changes in small blood vessels in the lungs resulting in an increased resistance to move enough blood through the lungs. The resistance places a strain on the right ventricle which must work harder to pump enough blood. If untreated,or if the conditions are generally bad enough,the right side of the heart may fail resulting in death. PPH-What are the causes? There is no definite cause of PPH,but there are possibilities. 1.PPH may be the result of another infection such as heart disease,lung disease,or HIV. 2.PPH may be genetic. A specific chromosome which runs in families is linked to PPH although the type of defect is yet unknown. 3.Familial Inheritance 4.Diet Drugs-By far this is the most known cause. Fen-Phen and Dexfenfluramine,2 diet drugs have been studied and are linked to numbers of cases of pph. These drugs can cause PPH in as little as 23 days the risk increases with the amount of time it is used. 5.Serotonin-Although this is not proved,it is believed that the above diet drugs increase the release of serotonin which is often found in patients transplanted lungs with PPH. It is very possible that this is a cause What are the symptoms of PPH? In the early stages of PPh there are no symptoms. Usually a person will go to the doctor for another disease and will find that it can’t be cured. After numerous tests,PPH is found to be the primary cause. 1.frequent tiredness or tiring easily as if you are out of shape. 2.Difficulty breathing,dizziness,fainting 3.Swelling in ankles/legs,bluish lips and skin 4.chest pain 5.trouble getting air 6.Palpitations-may be so severe that it is compared to a heart attack. How is PPH diagnosed? 1.Electrocardiogram-indicates whether heart is under increased stress 2.PPH is rarely picked up in a routine medical exam. It is usually confused with other heart/lung diseases. 3.Echocardiogram-The doctor uses sound waves to map a structure of the heart and see if the right side is larger. 4.Pulmonary Function Tests-measures lung volume. 5.Right-heart Cardiac Catheterization-A catheter(tube)is placed in the patient’s arm,let,neck...to measure the blood pressure of the right side of the heart. what is the course and Treatment of PPH? PPH starts when a layer of cells in the lungs are damaged.

Fin 515 Week 4 Homework Assignment

FIN 515 WEEK 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT (7–2) Constant Growth Valuation Boehm Incorporated is expected to pay a $1. 50 per share dividend at the end of this year (i. e. , D1 = $1. 50). The dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 7% a year. The required rate of return on the stock, rs, is 15%. What is the value per share of Boehm’s stock? For this problem we can use the formula from the book P=d1(R-G) to find the price. We just need to plug in the values†¦ so, 1. 5/(8% [15-7]). The value is 18. 75. (7–4) Preferred Stock ValuationNick’s Enchiladas Incorporated has preferred stock outstanding that pays a dividend of $5 at the end of each year. The preferred sells for $50 a share. What is the stock’s required rate of return? From the book we discover that we simply need to plug into the formula, r=5/50. The required rate of return should be 10 percent. (7–5) Nonconstant Growth Valuation A company currently pays a dividend of $2 per sha re (D0 = $2). It is estimated that the company’s dividend will grow at a rate of 20% per year for the next 2 years, then at a constant rate of 7% thereafter. The company’s stock has a beta of 1. , the risk-free rate is 7. 5%, and the market risk premium is 4%. What is your estimate of the stock’s current price? I used the financial calculator online for this problem, but we can find it manually†¦ To solve this problem we need to first calculate the required rate of return, which is Rs=Rf+B(Rrm-Rrf), so 7. 5+(11. 5-7. 5)*1. 2=12. 3†¦ So, D0 would be 2, D1 would be 2. 4, D2 would be 2. 88, and D3 would be 3. 08. We then have to calculate the PV for the dividends, which is 4. 42. We have to calculate P2, which came out to 46. 10. After adding up the PV values we get the stock’s price which is 50. 0, or at least that’s what I got†¦ (9-1) After-Tax Cost of Debt Calculate the after-tax cost of debt under each of the following conditions: à ¢â‚¬ ¢a. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 0% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0), we get 13 percent. †¢b. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 20% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0. 20), we get 10. 4 percent. †¢c. Interest rate of 13%, tax rate of 35% To calculate, take 0. 13*(1-0. 35), we get 8. 45 percent. (9-4) Cost of Preferred Stock with Flotation Costs Burnwood Tech plans to issue some $60 par preferred stock with a 6% dividend. A similar stock is selling on the market for $70.Burnwood must pay flotation costs of 5% of the issue price. What is the cost of the preferred stock? We’re given the par value, the divident percentage, the market value of the stock, and the flotation costs, and are looking for the cost. The ADP of the preferred stock is 6 percent*60, which comes out to 3. 60. The cost of Preferred Stock can be calculated as (Preferred stock dividend/MP of Preferred Stock*(1-FC)†¦ We just need to plug in the numbers, so you get basically (60*. 06)/70*(1-0. 05 )†¦ calculating that out, the cost of preferred stock should be 5. 1 percent. (9-5) Cost of Equity: DCF Summerdahl Resort’s common stock is currently trading at $36 a share. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $3. 00 a share at the end of the year (D1 = $3. 00), and the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5% a year. What is its cost of common equity? For this problem, we are to use the equation r=(D1/P0)+g†¦ Since we are given the P0, D1, and G (36,3,0. 05) we are looking for r†¦ so, just plug-and-chug. Comes out to 13. 3 percent. (9-6) Cost of Equity: CAPM Booher Book Stores has a beta of 0. 8.The yield on a 3-month T-bill is 4% and the yield on a 10-year T-bond is 6%. The market risk premium is 5. 5%, and the return on an average stock in the market last year was 15%. What is the estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM? For this one, looked to me like we need to use the formula Rs=Rrf+Bi(RPm)†¦ Like the last problem, we are g iven all the values except one. Plugging-and-chugging again, I got 0. 06+0. 8*(0. 055), came out to 10. 4 percent. (9-7) WACC Shi Importer’s balance sheet shows $300 million in debt, $50 million in preferred stock, and $250 million in total common equity.Shi’s tax rate is 40%, rd = 6%, rps = 5. 8%, and rs = 12%. If Shi has a target capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is its WACC? So, for this problem we need to find the WACC which can be found by the formula (Wd)*(Rd)*(1-T)+(Wps)*(Rps)+(Wce)(Rs)†¦ We are again given most of the values, so it’s plug-and-chug from here on, pretty much. Debt is 0. 30, PS is 0. 05, Equity is 0. 65, Rd is 0. 06, T is 0. 40, Rps is 0. 058, and Rs is 0. 12†¦ So when plugged it looks like: (0. 30*0. 06*(1-0. 40))+0. 05*0. 058+0. 65*0. 12, and that came out to 9. 17 percent.

Unethical Leaders Scandal Involving Jeff Skilling of Enron Corporation Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Current issues/culture/ environment at the time of the situation The environmental situation that led to creation of Enron was a merger between Internorth and Houston Natural Gas Co. Enron was born in a highly competitive market. The energy economy was under regulation and the market economic situation exhibited a recession. Later on, the market was deregulated through policies put in place by â€Å"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission† (FERC). The deregulation was put in place to remove regulatory limitations and to prevent another harsh economic condition from happening. The federal Government were trying to avoid a repeat of energy emergency. Enron became a chief supplier of energy products in the US and stabilized economically. Through its highly innovated activities and with the help of highly skilled leadership team, it was able to deeply penetrate the market and stand firm against stiff competition (Mekay, 2003). Being a chief player in the economy of the US, Enron used its resources to exercise influence on the US Politics. For exa mple, a board member at Enron Kenneth Lay became a close ally of George W. We will write a custom essay sample on Unethical Leaders: Scandal Involving Jeff Skilling of Enron Corporation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Bush, during his career in politics when he was Texas Governor. Lay promised a financial support to Bush in exchange for positions that would be occupied by Enron executives in the Federal Government (Mekay, 2003). Lay had powers to make decisions of National importance like energy issues policies and other issues. Enron’s relationship with politicians involved the republican but democrats also. It funded many of Bill Clinton’s activities. These relationships gave Enron many powers to influence a number of US policies through lobbying. Enron was using its money and resources such as powerful connections to instigate distortion of Government policies. It also used its influential power to deceive consumers (Gutman, 2002). Perceived motivation of the individual Several factors motivated Skilling to partake in the Scandal including the pursuance of individual interest based on lack of integrity. According to Northouse (2004), integrity is an important trait in a leader. It involves honesty, reliability and accountability. It transpires that these qualities were lacking in most of the leaders at Enron. Eventually, this motivated Skilling to pursue individual and corporate interest. A fault in the organization culture facilitated the scandal. This was attributable to Skilling’s failures because he was fixated on profit maximization. He failed to understand and support standard practices that would boost organizational organizational culture.